1 Why are auditors needed? 2 An overview of the postulates and concepts of auditing 3 The meaning and importance of auditor independence: factors affecting independence and measures to attain it 4 Audit regulation 5 The risk-based approach to audit: audit judgement 6 The search for evidence explained 7 Systems work: basic ideas 1 8 Systems work: basic ideas 2 9 Testing and evaluating systems 10 Substantive testing, computer-assisted audit techniques and audit programmes 11 Sampling and materiality 12 Final work: general principles, analytical review of financial statements, non-current assets and trade receivables 13 Final work: specific problems related to inventories, construction contracts, trade payables and financial liabilities 14 Final review: post-balance sheet period, provisions, contingencies, letter of representation 15 Assurance engagements and internal audit 16 The auditors' report 17 Fraud and going concern 18 The audit expectations gap and audit quality 19 Corporate governance 20 The auditor and liability under the law 21 Issues in auditing 22 Examination hints and final remarks

Updated to include the changes in international accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, this edition features new questions from some of the most prominent exam boards including ACCA, IACEW and CAI and a new emphasis on corporate governance and responsibility.