Table of contents List of Figures List of Tables Notes on Contributors Victor Ginsburgh and Shlomo Weber, Introduction Part I. Linguistic Diversity: Origins and Measurement Chapter 1. Nigel Fabb, Linguistic Theory, Linguistic Diversity and Whorfian Economics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Abstract linguistic form, and the rules and conditions which govern it 1.3 Linguistic diversity: An illustrative comparison between two languages 1.4 Theories of linguistic diversity 1.5 Whorfian psychology and economics: Causal relations between language and thought 1.6 Non-whorfian proposals that language influences thought 1.7 Conclusion 1.8 References Chapter 2. Andrew Smith, Dynamic Models of Language Evolution. The Linguistic Perpective 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Language diversity 2.3 Language change 2.4 Dynamic models of language 2.5 Conclusion 2.6 References Chapter 3. Andrew John, Dynamic Models of Language Evolution. The Economic Perspective 3.1 Introduction 3.2 How economic forces can influence language dynamics 3.3 Conclusion 3.4 References Chapter 4. Mark Leikin, What Do We Learn from Neurolinguistics? 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Terms, definitions and research areas 4.3 Brain and language 4.4 Evolution of brain and language relationships 4.5 Development of brain and language relationships in childhood 4.6 The neurolinguistics of bilingualism 4.7 Conclusions 4.8 References Chapter 5. Victor Ginsburgh and Shlomo Weber, Linguistic Distances and Ethno-linguistic Fractionalisation and Disenfranchisement Indices 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Languages, dialects and trade languages 5.3 Distances between languages 5.4 The effect of linguistic distances on economic outcomes 5.5 Linguistic distances between groups 5.6 Fractionalization and disenfranchisement indices 5.7 References Chapter 6. Enrico Spolaore and Romain Wacziarg, Ancestry, Language and Culture 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Ancestry 6.3 Culture 6.4 Ancestry and culture: A simple conceptual framework 6.5 Ancestry and culture: Empirical evidence 6.6 Conclusion 6.7 References Appendix: Derivations of the results in Section 6.4 Chapter 7. Efthymios Athanasiou, Juan Moreno-Ternero and Shlomo Weber, Language Learning and Communicative Benefits 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Communicative benefits 7.3 Efficiency 7.4 Efficient choices of official languages 7.5 Conclusion 7.6 References Chapter 8. Niall Bond and Victor Ginsburgh, Language and Emotion 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Emotions and the polyglot 8.3 Choosing languages within language communities 8.4 'Colonized' writers 8.5 Migrating writers 8.6 Between languages: Nabokov, Green and Tabucchi 8.7 'Denying' the language in which they wrote: Kafka and Derrida 8.8 Concluding remarks Part II. Languages and Markets Chapter 9. Peter Egger, and Farid Toubal, Common Spoken Languages and International Trade 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Common native and spoken languages on the globe and their measures 9.3 A trade economists stylized view on languages 9.4 Empirical results 9.5 Conclusions 9.6 References Chapter 10. Nigel Holden, Economic Exchange and Business Language in the Ancient World. An Exploratory Review 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Language considerations 10.3 Context of trade and antiquity 10.4 The written word 10.5 The spoken language of business in the Ancient World 10.6 Commercial terms in various languages of the Ancient World 10.7 The businessman as unsavoury personage in Greek and Latin literature 10.8 Latin: Not just a lingua franca 10.9 Conclusions 10.10 References Chapter 11. Susanne Tietze, Nigel Hoden and Wilhelm Barner-Rasmussen, Language Use in Multinational Corporations. Towards a Topography of Languages, Special Languages and Corporate Sociolects 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Cities and the MNC 11.3 Research on language aspects of the MNC: A pragmatic perspective 11.4 Linguascapes, pragmatic spaces and the topography of language 11.5 Discussion 11.6 Conclusion 11.7 References Chapter 12. Alicia Adsera and Mariola Pyltikova, Language and Migration 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The role of language in migration decisions 12.3 Language proficiency among migrants 12.4 Language and the returns to human capital 12.5 Language and migrants socioeconomic assimilation 12.6 Conclusions 12.7 References Chapter 13. Johan Heilbron and Gis'ele Sapiro, Translation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives 13.1 Introduction 13.2 International translation flows and the global market of translations 13.3 Political, economic and cultural factors 13.4 Selection, import and reception patterns 13.5 Conclusions 13.6 References Chapter 14. Dietmar Harhoff, Karin Hoisl, Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie and Charlotte Vandeput, Languages, Fees and the International Scope of Patenting 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Institutional background and hypotheses 14.3 Data and econometric modeling 14.4 Empirical implementation and results 14.5 Concluding remarks 14.6 References Part III. Linguistic Policies and Economic Development Chapter 15. Klaus Desmet, Ignacio Ortu no-Ort'?n and Romain Wacziarg, Linguistic Cleavages and Economic Development 15.1 Introduction 15.2 A phylogenetic approach to linguistic diversity 15.3 Linguistic diversity, redistribution and economic growth 15.4 Linguistic diversity and economic development 15.5 Conclusion 15.6 References Chapter 16. Sue Wright, Language Choices: Political and Economic Factors in Three European States 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Nation building 16.3 Language, advantage and group membership 16.4 Conclusion: The role of elites 16.5 References Chapter 17. Selma Sonntag, Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development in South Asia 17.1 Introduction 17.2 India 17.3 Sri Lanka 17.4 Nepal 17.5 Pakistan 17.6 Conclusion 17.7 References Chapter 18. Brandon de la Cuesta and Leonard Wantchekon, Is Language Destiny? The Origins and Consequences of Ethnolinguistic Diversity in sub-Saharan Africa 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Why does Africa have such high levels of linguistic diversity? 18.3 The economic and political effects of linguistic diversity 18.4 Conclusion 18.5 References Chapter 19. Denis Kadochnikov, Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia 19.1 Introduction 19.2 The standardization of the Russian language in the late medieval Russia (16-17th centuries) 19.3 Language policy in the context of the reforms of Peter the Great and his successors (18th century) 19.4 The role of foreign languages in Russia of the late 18th - early 19th centuries 19.5 Language policy in the context of the territorial expansion of the Russian Empire (17-19th centuries) 19.6 Language and politics in the late imperial Russia 19.7 The Socialist Revolution of 1917 and the early Soviet language policy (1920-1930s) 19.8 Late Soviet language policy (1930-1980s) 19.9 Russian and other languages of the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period 19.10 Summary: socio-economic and political factors and implications of language policy in Russia in historical perspective 19.11 References Part IV. Globalisation and Minority Languages Chapter 20. Jacques Melitz, English as a Global Language 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The status of English as a global language 20.3 Areas where English faces sharp limits 20.4 Language learning 20.5 Welfare implications 20.6 References Chapter 21. Francois Grin, Challenges of Minority Languages 21.1 Introduction 21.2 What is a minority language? 21.3 The economics of minority language protection and promotion 21.4 Capacity, opportunity and desire: an overview of the basic model 21.5 Conditions for effective policies 21.6 Guidelines for language policy 21.7 The costs and net value of minority language policies 21.8 About contingent and absolute multilingualism 21.9 Concluding remarks 21.10 References Appendix Minority languages in a strict sense: selected examples Chapter 22.

Bengt-ArneWickstr..om, Language Rights: A Welfare-economics Approach 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Basic model 22.3 Modifications due to endogenous preferences 22.4 Modifications due to redistribution 22.5 Conclusions 22.6 References Appendix. Formal analysis Chapter 23. Jos'e Ram'on Uriarte Ayo, A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Minority Language Use in Multilingual Societies 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Multilingual societies 23.3 The reference point: Linguistic rights, linguistic politeness and expectations 23.4 The maximin language choice 23.5 Information in modern multilingual societies 23.6 The ultimatum language game 23.7 The bilinguals as a player population: The building of linguistic conventions 23.8 Linguistic politeness equilibrium 23.9 Policy suggestions 23.10 Conclusions 23.11 References Index

Do the languages people speak influence their economic decisions and social behavior in multilingual societies? This Handbook brings together scholars from various disciplines to examine the links and tensions between economics and language to find the delicate balance between monetary benefits and psychological costs of linguistic dynamics