Includes bibliographical references and index.

Power Systems: A General Overview
1.1.Three-phase System of AC Voltages
1.2.Low Voltage Distribution
1.3.Examples of Distribution Transformers
1.4.Practical Magnitude Limits for LV Loads
1.5.Medium Voltage Network
1.6.Transmission and Sub-Transmission Networks
1.7.Generation of Electrical Energy
1.8.Sources
Further Reading
2.Review of AC Circuit Theory and Application of Phasor Diagrams
2.1.Representation of AC Voltages and Currents
2.2.RMS Measurement of Time Varying AC Quantities
2.3.Phasor Notation (Phasor Diagram Analysis)
2.4.Passive Circuit Components: Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors
2.5.Review of Sign Conventions and Network Theorems
2.6.AC Circuit Analysis Examples
2.7.Resonance in AC Circuits
2.8.Problems
2.9.Practical Experiment
3.Active Power, Reactive Power and Power Factor
3.1.Single-Phase AC Power
3.2.Active Power
3.3.Reactive Power
Contents note continued: 3.4.Apparent Power or the volt-amp Product, S
3.5.Three-Phase Power
3.6.Power Factor
3.7.Power Factor Correction
3.8.Typical Industrial Load Profiles
3.9.Directional Power Flows
3.10.Energy Retailing
3.11.Problems
4.Magnetic Circuits, Inductors and Transformers
4.1.Magnetic Circuits
4.2.Magnetic Circuit Model
4.3.Gapped Cores and Effective Permeability
4.4.Inductance Calculations
4.5.Core Materials
4.6.Magnetising Characteristics of GOSS
4.7.Energy Stored in the Air Gap
4.8.EMF Equation
4.9.Magnetic Circuit Topologies
4.10.Magnetising Losses
4.11.Two-Winding Transformer Operation
4.12.Transformer VA Ratings and Efficiency
4.13.Two-Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuit
4.14.The Per-Unit System
4.15.Transformer Short-Circuit and Open-Circuit Tests
4.16.Transformer Phasor Diagram
4.17.Current Transformers
4.18.Problems
4.19.Sources
5.Symmetrical Components
Contents note continued: 5.1.Symmetrical Component Theory
5.2.Sequence Networks and Fault Analysis
5.3.Network Fault Connections
5.4.Measurement of Zero-sequence Components (Residual Current and Voltage)
5.5.Phase-to-Ground Fault Currents Reflected from a Star to a Delta Connected Winding
5.6.Sequence Components Remote from a Fault
5.7.Problems
5.8.Sources
6.Power Flows in AC Networks
6.1.Power Flow Directions
6.2.Synchronous Condenser
6.3.Synchronous Motor
6.4.Generalised Power Flow Analysis
6.5.Low X/​R Networks
6.6.Steady State Transmission Stability Limit
6.7.Voltage Collapse in Power Systems
6.8.Problems
6.9.Sources
7.Three-Phase Transformers
7.1.Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
7.2.Transformer Zero-Sequence Impedance
7.3.Transformer Vector Groups
7.4.Transformer Voltage Regulation
7.5.Magnetising Current Harmonics
7.6.Tap-changing Techniques
7.7.Parallel Connection of Transformers
Contents note continued: 7.8.Transformer Nameplate
7.9.Step Voltage Regulator
7.10.Problems
7.11.Sources
8.Voltage Transformers
8.1.Inductive and Capacitive Voltage Transformers
8.2.Voltage Transformer Errors
8.3.Voltage Transformer Equivalent Circuit
8.4.Voltage Transformer 'Error Lines'
8.5.Re-rating Voltage Transformers
8.6.Accuracy Classes for Protective Voltage Transformers
8.7.Dual-Wound Voltage Transformers
8.8.Earthing and Protection of Voltage Transformers
8.9.Non-Conventional Voltage Transformers
8.10.Problems
8.11.Sources
9.Current Transformers
9.1.CT Secondary Currents and Ratios
9.2.Current Transformer Errors and Standards
9.3.IEEE C57.13 Metering Class Magnitude and Phase Errors
9.4.Current Transformer Equivalent Circuit
9.5.Magnetising Admittance Variation and CT Compensation Techniques
9.6.Composite Error
9.7.Instrument Security Factor for Metering CTs
9.8.Protection Current Transformers
Contents note continued: 9.9.Inter-Turn Voltage Ratings
9.10.Non-Conventional Current Transformers
9.11.Problems
9.12.Sources
10.Energy Metering
10.1.Metering Intervals
10.2.General Metering Analysis using Symmetrical Components
10.3.Metering Errors
10.4.Ratio Correction Factors
10.5.Reactive Power Measurement Error
10.6.Evaluation of the Overall Error for an Installation
10.7.Commissioning and Auditing of Metering Installations
10.8.Problems
10.9.Sources
11.Earthing Systems
11.1.Effects of Electricity on the Human Body
11.2.Residual Current Devices
11.3.LV Earthing Systems
11.4.LV Earthing Systems used Worldwide
11.5.Medium Voltage Earthing Systems
11.6.High Voltage Earthing
11.7.Exercise
11.8.Problems (Earthing Grid Design)
11.9.Sources
12.Introduction to Power System Protection
12.1.Fundamental Principles of Protection
12.2.Protection Relays
Contents note continued: 12.3.Primary and Backup Protection (Duplicate Protection)
12.4.Protection Zones
12.5.Overcurrent Protection
12.6.Differential Protection
12.7.Frame Leakage and Arc Flash Busbar Protection
12.8.Distance Protection (Impedance Protection)
12.9.Problems
12.10.Sources
13.Harmonics in Power Systems
13.1.Measures of Harmonic Distortion
13.2.Resolving a Non-linear Current or Voltage into its Harmonic Components (Fourier Series)
13.3.Harmonic Phase Sequences
13.4.Triplen Harmonic Currents
13.5.Harmonic Losses in Transformers
13.6.Power Factor in the Presence of Harmonics
13.7.Management of Harmonics
13.8.Harmonic Standards
13.9.Measurement of Harmonics
13.10.Problems
13.11.Sources
14.Operational Aspects of Power Engineering
14.1.Device Numbers
14.2.One Line Diagram (OLD)
14.3.Switchgear Topologies
14.4.Switching Plans, Equipment Isolation and Permit to Work Procedures
Contents note continued: 14.5.Electrical Safety
14.6.Measurements with an Incorrectly Configured Multimeter
14.7.Sources.

This book is written as a practical power engineering text for engineering students and recent graduates. It contains more than 400 illustrations and is designed to provide the reader with a broad introduction to the subject and to facilitate further study. Many of the examples included come from industry and are not normally covered in undergraduate syllabi. They are provided to assist in bridging the gap between tertiary study and industrial practice, and to assist the professional development of recent graduates. The material presented is easy to follow and includes both mathematical and visual representations using phasor diagrams. Problems included at the end of most chapters are designed to walk the reader through practical applications of the associated theory.