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Part I: Introduction and Conceptual Framework Chapter 1: Research background of sharing economy Osamu Saito Chapter 2: Objective and conceptural framework Osamu Saito Part II: Case studies in Japan Chapter 3: Non-market food provision and social capital in Japan Chiho Kamiyama (UNU-IAS), Shizuka Hashimoto (The University of Tokyo), Osamu Saito Chapter 4: Non-market food provisioning services via homegardens and communal sharing in satoyama socio-ecological production landscapes on Japan's Noto peninsula Chiho Kamiyama (UNU-IAS): This chapter summarizes the research findings from Noto peninsula based on Kamiyama et al. (2016). Chapter 5: Food sharing network and resilience capacity in Hachijo island, Japan Osamu Saito Chapter 6: Shadow value and nutrition of food sharing network in Hachijo island, Japan Takanori Matsui (Osaka University), Kana Tatebayashi (The University of Tokyo), Osamu Saito Chapter 7: Sharing experiences of traditional and local knowledge in the changing socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes Takehito Yoshida (The University of Tokyo), Ryoto Tomita (Shizuoka University Chapter 8: Sharing experiences of rural works at SELPS；　Tacit knowledge at transition Ryo Kohsaka (Tohoku University) Chapter 9: Making sharing of ecosystem services and human labors work: Role of the intermediaries (tentative) Shuizuka Hashimoto et al.(The University of Tokyo) Part III: Case studies in Africa, Asia-Pacific, South America and Europe Chapter 10: Provisioning ecosystem services – sharing as a coping and adaptation strategy among rural communities in Ghana's semi-arid ecosystem Yaw Agyeman Boafo (The University of Tokyo) Chapter 11: Sharing terrestrial and marine ecosystem services: Case study in small island's communities in Republic of Palau Akiko Iida (The University of Tokyo) Chapter 12: Solidarity economy in Brazil: towards institutionalization of sharing and agroecological practices Kei Otsuki (Utrecht University, The Netherlands) and Fabio de Castro (CEDLA-University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Chapter 13: Sharing labor and natural resources through payment for ecosystem services (PES) in Indonesia Beria Leimona (ICRAF) Chapter 14: Sharing cows to conserve cultural landscapes and multiple ecosystem services in Europe (Austria): Cow rental program Pia Kieninger (University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna), Marianne Penker and Katharina Gugerell Part IV: Synthesis Chapter 15: Comparative analysis of the case studies and ways forward for future study Osamu Saito Acknowledgement.